LEADERSHIP AND ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES IN ANCIENT SUMER, EGYPT, AND GREECE

Abstract

The civilization of mankind started long ago, but the culture of management practices within ancient civilizations 
remains a subject of exploration. This research investigates the management culture and practices in the ancient 
civilizations of Sumerians, Egyptians, and Greeks, along with their impact on modern-day life. The study reveals 
that these civilizations exhibited management practices in decision-making, division of labor, information 
management, and more. The Sumerians showcased efficient leadership and a hierarchal structure, as evidenced 
by their record-keeping and division of labor. Similarly, the Egyptians established an organized bureaucracy that 
controlled the economy and managed labor for large-scale construction projects like pyramids and cities. In 
Greece, the Delphic Oracle and notable figures like Thucydides and Democritus emphasized information 
management and decision-making through data-driven practices and resource allocation. These findings 
underscore that management principles and practices have a historical foundation dating back to ancient 
civilizations, influencing modern management evolution